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另类右翼、另类lite、另类左翼中的“另类”是什么?关于作为政治能指的“另类”
原文:journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/…
本文的翻译是笔记式翻译(概述原文,但不包含译者观点),并不完整
What Was the ‘Alt’ in Alt-Right, Alt-Lite, and Alt-Left? On ‘Alt’ as a Political Modifier
另类右翼、另类lite、另类左翼中的“另类”是什么?关于作为政治能指的“另类”
“另类”修饰语最好被理解为是关于政治该怎样进行的偏好的能指。“另类”主要被用来标示其与主流在遵守政治行为规范方面的决裂:也就是拒绝“礼貌”,拥抱下流、尖锐的“幽默”,对政治对手采用对抗的、经常是故意冒犯的方式。
在“另类右翼”一词被谁创造、何时出现的问题上存在着分歧。一些记述将其追溯到2008年11月,旧保守派人物Paul Gottfried在极右翼H.L. Mencken Club发布的演讲,《另类右翼的衰弱与崛起》。其它描述则认为是Richard Spencer创造了这个术语,Spencer本人也认为如此。2010年时Spencer用这个术语作为网站的域名,当时这个网站在语气上还偏好严肃、理智主义、受人尊敬的形象。后来他表示嫌这个词消极且相对主义,而且不想把自己的主意根基于传统左右划分。
尽管Spencer放弃了这个术语,接下来这个词继续偶尔出现在Reddit、4Chan等地方。在2015年,它出人意料地在社媒上爆发。这和早期的“另类右翼”之间存在着核心区别,早期的核心是Spencer,后期“另类右翼”的核心则是各种网络名人,而且没有披上体面、理智主义的外衣,拥抱网络巨魔文化的讽刺、挖苦、堕落幽默感,不像早期的“另类右翼”一样在伪知识分子网站上发布冗长严肃的文章,而是通过“政治正确”和故意冒犯模因来交流。另类右翼的顶峰是川普竞选时期。
Alt-lite(或Alt-light)则是另类右翼用来贬义地描述那些同情,或者与另类右翼有联系,但不表明民族主义或反犹观点的人。他们在仇恨女性主义者、移民等方面与另类右翼一致。他们会使用“言论自由”、“政治正确”等方式,声称自己的批评者过度敏感、不懂幽默,他们有更广泛的媒体影响力与更复杂的策略。它通常不是一个独立的运动,而是在另类右翼的旗下。
另类左翼则是个用来攻击的术语,试图通过声称左翼中也有同样糟糕的、极端主义的群体来攻击左翼。它由特朗普的随口一说和随后几天极右翼网站的专栏开始。最开始只是一种模糊的、哪里都可以用的攻击,后来采用了一种政治马蹄理论的现代版本,再后来用来指一些同样具有讽刺语气、频繁使用模因、反对任何不以阶级为中心的“身份政治”的左翼网络媒体。基本没有人用这个标签来描述自己,几乎是用来攻击一个不存在的运动。后来似乎几乎没什么人使用了。
对于liberals和中间派来说,另类右翼和另类左翼所蕴含的道德等价使他们能够把自己包装为进步政治价值真正的火炬手,不单单能对抗另类右翼,还能对抗另类左翼所谓的性别歧视、种族主义、年龄歧视和在身份政治上的装聋作哑。另外,这种一边是另类左翼,一边是另类右翼的二分框架使得liberals和中间派能够声称:
他们被夹在两种隐秘地有许多共同点的狂热分子之间。这将他们的自由主义,可能还包括一些“温和的共和党人”,的独特品牌,打造为唯一合理的立场,而且是被另类们围攻的那种。
liberals和中间派因此能够将自己描绘为政治房间里唯一的明智成年人。
酷儿 Heather Love
酷儿在跨性别研究中的位置在哪里?酷儿研究和跨性别研究的领域经由共享的历史、方法与对改变性别和性的局外人的处境的承诺连接。 酷儿主要与非规范欲望和性实践相关联,跨性别则主要与非规范性别认同和具身化相关联,从理论上和实践上都难以在它们之间划出一条清晰的界限。 与男同性恋与女同性恋研究、性研究都不同,酷儿研究将自己定义为一个质疑身份的稳定类别的批判性领域。跨性别研究也将自身定义为反对身份的,对两个性别系统被认为具有的稳定性提出了挑战。 这些领域能否、又是在怎样的上下文里,可以被视为截然不同的,这是一个未完的问题;然而,酷儿和跨性别在它们的行动主义承诺、它们的异议方法论和它们对性别和性常规的批判性质询和抵抗中有着连接。
从一开始,对各自分离的身份类别的挑战就是酷儿和跨性别研究的工作的核心。在1980年代晚期和1990年代早期,酷儿以一个行动主义口号的形式浮现,力图在艾滋病危机面前抓住性和性别自由斗争的激进能量。 通过将恐同诽谤重新利用为一个运动、以及不久之后的一个研究领域的名字,酷儿行动者和学者指明了暴力和污名在性别和性局外人的经历中的重要意义。 酷儿,以及它奇怪、古怪、令人费解的配价,也意在表示超越男同性恋和女同性恋的非规范性实践和性别认同。酷儿促进了边缘化和被排除的群体之间的联盟模式,并且在其最广阔的程度被想象为反对“规范性制度”的号角(Warner 1993: xxvi),准备要解决的是“语言、皮肤、移民和国家碎形的错综复杂性” (Sedgwick 1993: 9)。
跨性别也是在致力于挑战身份的规则的行动主义上下文中浮现的术语。如果可以将酷儿理解为对男同性恋、女同性恋的类别所暗示的性别和性的稳定化的拒绝,以及通往更宽阔的性非常规性光谱的开口,那么跨性别则是捕捉了不能被传统二元描述的性别具身化、实践和社群形态的术语。 尽管这个术语的确切根源存在争议,它作为一个拒绝对性别的规范化和医院观点的行动主义的、学术的、民间的术语,在过去数十年间扎稳了根,赞同更宽阔、更活动的解释。 在《跨性别历史》中,Susan Stryker (2008: 1) 将跨性别的概念定义为“从开头起就无意间跨越了社会施加的界限的运动”,这个定义捕捉到了这个术语关键的力量和弹性。跨性别在作为一个伞术语,能够唤出可以包括跨性者、异装者、T和P的光谱的同时,它也表示了对光谱模型所暗示的分类学框架反抗(就算它“超越”了它)。这样的重要冲动——对所有种类的性和性别身份的拒绝——可以被叫作性别酷儿,一个暗示了跨性别和酷儿之间的亲密关系的术语。
酷儿和跨性别研究不仅在它们共享的对性和性别规范的批评方面相连接,也在它们对规训和方法论规范的反抗方面相连接。米歇尔福柯的反规训思想对这两个领域的发展都至关重要。福柯(1978)对性的现代制度的规训力量的描述影响了跨性别和酷儿研究的反规范、反身份政治。 另外,福柯的对历史的系谱学方法使得他能够思考在现代身份类别之外的性别和性——例如,在复杂的十九世纪人物Herculine Barbin (Barbin and Foucault 1980)的故事中。 这样的不稳定的、令人不确定的具身化、实践和认同的例子,不仅威胁了性和性别身份的各自分离的类别,也威胁了性别和性之间的区别本身。最后,福柯对知识面具化为科学客观性的意志的批评对酷儿和跨性别研究的方法论都至关重要。 由于那些有着非标准具身化和性实践的人不成比例地容易受到临床凝视,福柯(2003)对人类科学所作的批判历史使得两个研究领域都将酷儿和跨儿视为主体而非知识客体。这样的坚持指向它们对知识的政治、对基于思考和新批判框架的新方法的在世界中存有的新方法的思想的共同承诺。
除了历史的、方法论的、政治的重叠,酷儿和跨性别研究不总是同道的,而且随着这些领域年纪渐长,也不清楚何种程度上它们应该同道。 酷儿的反identitarian、反常规化和联盟的方面,在阐明和推动跨性别学术和政治中显然有用;实际上这一共通的对跨越学科和身份界限的承诺会使人难以在酷儿研究和跨性别研究之间划出清晰的界限。 然而,虽然在对酷儿最宽泛的理解中酷儿能指示广泛的差异和社会排除,酷儿还常常因在实践中表意更为狭窄而受到批评。在Cathy J. Cohen关于酷儿政治中的排除的重要叙述,《朋克、T和福利皇后》中,她控诉酷儿是虚假的普遍概念,酷儿声称要处理所有边缘主体的处境,但事实上关注的是同性恋者的关切。 在一些酷儿学者中,我们也能看到相似的对酷儿的批评,这些酷儿学者提出酷儿研究没有充分关注跨性别者的物质条件,而只是把性别非常规用作酷儿的标志或寓言。
这样的有关酷儿的状况和包容的紧张关系,不是存在于在真空之中的,而是在令人忧虑的物质、专业和机制背景中的。尽管酷儿研究有一些值得注意的成功之处,它仍旧是一场缺乏人手和资金的冒险。 尽管如此,这个领域相较跨性别研究还是更强势些,后者在教学中常常是酷儿研究或性别研究的附录。女性和性别研究课程和LGBT研究课程怎样才能最好地支持跨性别研究领域中的机构创始者,是现在的一个紧要问题。 把跨性别材料包括进课程中,是一把双刃剑,因为这在促进了学生对这个领域的了解,回应了数量不少的学生的需求的同时,却可能阻止了跨性别研究的机构化过程中最关键的一步:给予身在跨性别研究领域中的学者,以及跨性别身份的学者在大学里的终身职位。
此外,除了酷儿和跨性别研究的知识形成中的重要重叠,它们之间在概念上的契合也不是天衣无缝的。酷儿已经被证实,在解释具身化时比起跨性别研究更乏用武之地。 跨性别研究为物质经验提供了解释,为位于中心的具身化的新形式和经验(在这方面,我们也能看到跨性别研究和残障研究之间的重要连接)腾出了空间。 酷儿与后结构主义的知识形成紧密相连,特别是在它在文学理论和精神分析的发展方面。跨性别研究的领域同样受这一框架工作影响——特别是在例如Sandy Stone的《The Empire Strikes Back》(1991)等经典文本中——但跨性别研究倾向于在方法论上更包容多样。 酷儿研究继续抵抗社会科学方法论,偏好跨学科或文化研究的更人文主义的版本,而跨儿研究则和法律研究、跨国分析、医学历史、建筑和设计、民族志和政治经济有着更紧密的联系。
酷儿最好是被理解为一个与被标记为性别和性越轨者的社群有着历史连接的实质性术语,还是一个描述宽泛的非常规、政治批评和对身份的抵抗的更抽象理论的术语,答案还不清楚。 相似的模棱两可标记了跨性别,跨性别可以指向具身化或社群的特定模式,但也可以被理解为指向交错的、去自然化的身份类别的理论术语。 酷儿和跨性别都产生了关键的强大扰动,但现在或许需要通过意识到身份持续的力量来平衡它们。在词源学上,跨儿和酷儿都指向跨越,在这一意义力两个术语都同样能引出机动性与局限性。 鉴于越来越多的性别常规的、经济上和种族上占优势的、有配偶的大都会同性恋者进入了主流,这些领域现在或许需要将关注转移到在欲望、抱负或人生机遇中被画叉(cross)或遭遇挫折,这样意义上的跨越(cross)。 社会阶级、种族、地域、能力和性别表现,在决定权利、资源的获取和免于暴力的自由中扮演至关重要的角色;跨性别者,跨性者,还有性别酷儿,不成比例地遭受着Amber Hollibaugh和Cherríe Moraga在1981年《酷儿攻击》中所写的事情。酷儿在为性别和性自由斗争的语境中的政治力量,如果有,就是来自于其传达正在进行的污名、暴力和排除的现实的能力。
I shared this 3 years ago today before my egg even cracked...
And honestly, rereading it is chilling a true. I never experienced dysphoria before transitioning, but I definitely felt that those were not my spaces or my people.
On top of that, when around other women I was incredibly self conscious... in the spaces that felt the most natural, the relationships that felt the most natural, I felt like I was intruding.
I was so intimately aware of the threat of men and because I thought I was one I was so terrified of being threatening and making the women around me feel unsafe... because doing so would mean being feared and ostracized by the people I felt most natural with.
For the longest time I thought this was maybe just because I was autistic, and even then I still couldn't understand why I felt natural around women and those socialized as women... It was a sticking point in my mind constantly because I know I wasn't socialized female and I have a bio-brother who lived through similar circumstances and didn't remotely turn out the same way.
And honestly as I finally found true family... I was low key terrified for the longest time because the people I adopted were almost all women (at least, we thought so at the time... funnily enough most turned out to be trans-masc sometime after adopting them, but that didn't change the terror...)
All this is to say we're not men who decide to become women... we're women who decide to stop pretending to be men. Who grew up being forced to pretend to be someone other than who we are, and being told that the idea of being who we are is impossible, gross, and wrong. And even after we have to live in terror of people accusing us of pretending to somehow abuse other women.
Original Tumblr Post via Archive.org
Tumblr by Opiumbugit’s infinitely more accurate to characterize a trans woman as a woman pretending to be a man than it is to say she’s a man pretending to be a woman
Reply by valkyriethunderbitch
This is such an important point, and it hits at the crucial problem that even when cis people do genuinely try to wrap their brains around trans people, they tend to have trans men and trans women entirely reversed.
When a cis man tries to imagine what it would be like to be trans, invariably that man imagines what it would be like if he “wanted to be woman,” because that’s what many people think trans women are.
Instead, he should be trying to empathize with trans men. He should be thinking about his own childhood and relationship to manhood, and then asking himself how it would have felt if he’d grown up being told he was a girl, forced to wear dresses, never recognized by other boys as a boy, and then experienced the horror of going through the wrong puberty and becoming a giant estrogen factory.
Many cis women, particularly in LGBT spaces, will fall all over themselves trying to empathize and identify with trans men, because the same transmisogyny that tells them that trans women and cis men are connected tells them that cis women and trans men are connected.
Instead, cis women should be asking themselves what it would have been like if they had never been allowed to have their womanhood acknowledged. How would it have felt to grow up being told you were a boy, not allowed to deviate from male stereotypes (often with violent repercussions if you did), always viewed by other women as an icky boy or predatory male, exposed to the utter horror that is being a woman in male spaces where they think no women are around, and had testosterone distort your body irreparably only to have everyone around you use your anatomy and appearance to forever deny your womanhood and where your best possible outcome is to transition and live your life in abject poverty fighting loneliness and dysphoria and surrounded by people who think you’re a disgusting, subhuman monster who should be locked away or put down?
If you want to worry about men pretending to be women, pay more attention to trans men. They are men who are forced to pretend to be women, and while that is immensely fucked up for them to go through, it doesn’t change the fact that they are MEN in WOMEN’S spaces, and many of them take advantage of transmisogynist ideas about gender to stay in those spaces even after coming out and transitioning. Just look at all the trans men at women’s colleges – schools that in most cases will not allow trans women.
Trans women have always been women. Trans women have always been female.
Trans men have always been men. Trans men have always been male.
A trans woman cannot be a “man pretending to be a woman” because by definition we aren’t men and never were.
Reply by thecuckoohaslanded
“exposed to the utter horror that is being a woman in male spaces where they think no women are around”
So many people have no idea how true this is. Almost no statement I have ever read has resonated with me more than this.
One of the arguments certain people (mostly terfs, but dishearteningly often well-meaning feminists who have accidentally been corrupted by terf rhetoric) make about trans women is that we experience “male privilege.” This is a muddy topic, because there are certainly some situations where being socially read as male is a convenience (it is much easier to apply for jobs pre-transition and then transition while employed than it is to apply for jobs during or after the more awkward and difficult parts of transition, as an example).
There can be benefits, here and there. But to call it privilege, especially with the term “male” attached to it, is horribly misleading.
Trans women can, in the earlier parts of our lives, EXIST in male spaces. That does not mean we belong in them. Or feel comfortable anywhere near them. Even if you look outwardly male, being in male spaces is terrifying. Even being in NEUTRAL spaces is terrifying. You are in a constant state of panic around men. And you fear rejection and ostracization from other women – the people you most empathize with and understand, whose personalities and ways of thinking most closely match your own, whose communities you desperately crave to be a part of because that’s where you belong – almost as much as you fear breathing the same air as any man you aren’t comfortably out to, including friends and family. We NEVER feel safe. And we are firsthand witnesses to all the reasons we SHOULDN’T feel safe around men. They’re horrifying. What was so frustrating about the “Locker Room Talk” scandal during the 2016 election, as a trans woman, is that you know from personal experience that it was “anywhere and everywhere outside the earshot of a woman” talk. Dozens of sports teams came forward and said no, we don’t talk like this, we would never say things like this, we would never disrespect women like this. I have never been an athlete. My only experience with locker rooms was required as a high school credit, and made me extraordinarily uncomfortable. I ASSURE you, I have heard talk like this OUTSIDE of the hypermasculine world of sports. The level of total disregard that men have for women’s most basic humanity is STAGGERING. Men don’t see women as less than human. They see women as less than ALIVE, nothing more than usable, disposable objects.
Trans women’s great “privilege” of existing “safely” in male spaces is being exposed to this world and these people up close, alone, (if in a locker room, without most of your clothes, and with all the added shame about your body that comes from that) in a state of absolute terror that ANYTHING about your personality, your mannerisms, your body language, the way you don’t quite fit in with the way they talk, will tip them off that you’re not one of them. Your LIFE depends on whether they notice. That’s not safety. That’s Russian Roulette where you don’t get the option to stop playing, and not only do you not know if or when you might get the bullet, you don’t even know how many bullets are loaded in the first place. Every single interaction with another human being is a trigger being pulled in slow motion, in overwhelming, agonizing detail as you can only wait to find out if you drew a blank.
We spend our lives pretending, often badly, to fit in with these people. Not because we have or want any god damn thing on this earth in common with them, but because the alternative – that they will know we aren’t – fills us constantly with a paralyzing, spine-chilling terror that is almost impossible to describe. Even when real benefits that do come from being read as male (again, this is usually socioeconomic factors), we are constantly, inescapably aware that all of these things come at the expense of our own authenticity. We have to lie to get them. We live in unbearable discomfort with the fact that everything good that happens to us is because other people are making these massively incorrect assumptions or judgments about the kinds of people we are. We live with the fact that everything good could be taken away the second anyone finds out we’re not what they wanted based on our appearance, because often it’s the only way we can survive at all.
Let me rephrase that last part for emphasis, because it’s integral to understanding the core of this issue, and the core of the argument that OP (and the excellent addition) wanted to make. If your takeaway is just ONE part of my addition to this post, let it be this:
Every single interaction we have with another human being is based solely on the value assigned to us based on our physical appearance, and how well we can conform to those expectations, which leaves us feeling suffocatingly, deeply uncomfortable and often terrified for our personal safety and livelihood.
Think about that before you put the words “male privilege” anywhere in a conversation about trans women.
For parts of our lives, we can exist in male spaces. But even in them, we are still always, at our core, women. Everything else is social. Everything else is acting. Trans women pretend to be men until we just can’t take it anymore, and we either live as the women we always were, or one way or another, we die. We can never really be anything other than female.
Womanhood is not the thing trans women have to fake.
#LGBT #LGBTQIA #Trans #TransFemme
Pro Trick I've Learned To Land A Hot Girlfriend: Become A Girl
#trans #TransFemme #LGBT #LGBTQIA
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Au(dhd?) whinge
Put John Scalzi's Starter Villain on hold in Libby. I'm surprised my library even had copies tbh
Books & Literature Feed reshared this.
The funny part is that the (not actually a) crossposter I'm using for Fedi/ATProto stuff is that it natively has quote posts. Friendica has had quoteposts forever, I suspect other AP software has had quoteposts forever, yet Mastodon refuses to implement them.
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New to Friendica
Been looking into Friendica lately so decided to give it try.
My post will be mostly related to TV and Movies, climate issues, food security.
Personally I have a nihilistic view of the world, do not think the future is bright...
Ramzi Mourad likes this.
I am still trying to figure out how to use Friendica , as the info is not displayed like in Mastodon or Pleroma.
Any good clients for iOS?
Im ok with UI, actually I kinda like its minilalist feel, I guess some people might expect something different but for me is just fine.
Ramzi Mourad likes this.
@contradogma it's mostly things being in weird places, easy to get lost... if you're even a little bit of a tinkerer it's no big, but for the casual computer user it gets really frustrating really fast.
ie. try and find where to go to change your profile picture.
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coachtimseo likes this.
<Insert Profanities>
So the temporary system had some sort of failure, I'm not even 100% sure what caused it to be honest. It went down sometime yesterday and some of the virtual drives got corrupted, which caught the database and the virtual gateway device.
I was able to restore the system... most of the way. Thankfully there are backups of the database, but some of them were also flawed as well, the most recent intact one was from 5/16, so 5 days were lost.
To be clear, this problem was exacerbated by the fact that there's not as much redundancy in the temporary setup (sadly it looks like it'll be a few more months before I have a place of my own and can spin up my own hardware again). But I'm going to still look at how I might get those in better shape.
As far as how long it took: I had a busy day yesterday and didn't see that the server was down until I was too exhausted to do anything about it, so it had to wait until I got off work today... each attempt at restoring the database takes around an hour, so that took *a while* to get restored.
Vanessa likes this.
Shiri Bailem reshared this.
Test from Friendica to:
Mastodon
Friendica
Hubzilla
Lemmy
Kbin
Pixelfed
Gotosocial
Iceshrimp
FunkWhale
Peertube
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